This page provides detailed instructions for subscribers to download the source code for Unreal Engine (UE) from the Unreal Engine GitHub repository, and to get started working with the code.
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This page shows Licensees how to download and build Unreal Engine from our source code repository on GitHub. If you'd like to download the binary version of Unreal Engine, read our Installing Unreal Engine documentation to learn how to Get Unreal.
Depending on the platform, additional documentation or guidance may be available in the Unreal Developer Network support site, or as a downloadable archive in the section of the Unreal Engine Forums that is dedicated to your platform.
Notch ((Drosophila) Homolog 1 Translocation-Associated) proteins are a family of receptors responsible for activation of Notch signaling pathways. The Notch pathway has numerous cellular effects, including roles in development, cellular differentiation, regulation of stem cells, cellular proliferation, and cell death [32]. Physiological activation of Notch involves interactions between the Notch receptor and a ligand of the Delta/Serrate/LAG-2 family. This triggers a series of proteolytic cleavages within Notch that release the nuclear intracellular domain (NICD). NICD then translocates to the nucleus to activate transcription of target genes [33]. Notch de-regulation has been linked to numerous cancers and inheritable, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases [34]. Termination of Notch signaling requires phosphorylation of NICD in the PEST domain through the cyclin C/CDK8 complex or through cyclin C complexing with CDK19 or CDK3 [35, 36]. These interactions cause phosphorylation at residues Thr2512, Ser2514, and Ser2517. In addition, GSK3α/β and ILK (Integrin-linked kinase) also phosphorylate NICD for FBXW7-mediated degradation [37,38,39]. This event is mediated by GSK3α/β phosphorylation at Thr1851, Thr2123, and Thr2125 and ILK phosphorylation at Ser2173. Genetic mutations of NICD preventing FBXW7-mediated turnover have been demonstrated in many hematopoietic and solid tumors [40, 41]. In addition to the Notch1 mutations, more than 30% of pediatric T-ALL patients harbor FBXW7 mutations [42]. These mutations have been shown to disrupt the interaction between FBXW7 and NICD [42, 43]. Importantly, T-ALL cells carrying FBXW7 mutations demonstrate an extended NICD protein half-life and are generally resistant to the Notch inhibitor, MRK-003 GSI [42, 43].
The co-occurrence of FBXW7 mutations with the 50 most frequently mutated genes. The 50 most frequently mutated genes are identified from the COSMIC database. The co-occurrence of FBXW7 mutation and 50 most frequently mutated genes are downloaded from the cBioPortal database. The top panel shows the cancer tissue types and the names of the cancer cell lines with FBXW7 mutations. Red boxes indicate genetic mutations and green boxes represent wild-type gene
Conditional knock-out of FBXW7 in hematopoietic cells or T cells is sufficient to cause T-ALL or thymic lymphoma by increasing Notch1 and c-Myc expression [7, 106]. However, FBXW7 hotspot mutation knock-in mice (FBXW7mut/+) do not develop spontaneous leukemia, demonstrating a subtle difference between FBXW7 missense mutations and homologous deletion. When combining FBXW7 deletion/mutation with p53 suppression, loss of PTEN, or active Notch, an FBXW7 deletion/mutation enhances tumorigenesis [7, 16, 58]. Notch and NF-κB can bind to the miR-223 promoter and activate miR-223 expression [107]. Studies show that Notch-mediated activation of miR-223 suppresses FBXW7 in T-ALL; and miR-223 and FBXW7 expression are inversely correlated in T-ALL patient-derived xenografts [107]. The oncogenic transcription factor, T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 1 (TAL1/SCL), is aberrantly expressed in more than 60% of T-ALL patients [108]. TAL1 binds to the miR-223 promoter and increases miR-223 expression. Silencing TAL1 increases expression of FBXW7 and lowers expression of FBXW7 substrates, such as c-Myc, Notch1 and cyclin E [108]. Therefore, it appears that miR-223 plays an essential role in FBXW7 activities. In addition, several studies demonstrate a role for miR-27a in ALL. MiR-27a is up-regulated in pediatric B-ALL and its expression is inversely correlated with FBXW7 expression and disease progression [69].
FBXW7 expression is down-regulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and patients with low FBXW7 expression have more aggressive cancer and a shorter survival time [141]. In the clinic, EGFR inhibitor-resistant NSCLC specimens show down-regulation of FBXW7, which is associated with up-regulation of Mcl-1 expression [142]. Reactivation of FBXW7 reduces Mcl-1 expression and sensitizes resistant cells to targeted therapy [142]. In NSCLC, loss of FBXW7 increased the sensitivity of a class I-specific histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, MS-275 [141]. Tissues with low expression of FBXW7 display increased Mcl-1 and TOP2A (DNA topoisomerase II), an additional FBXW7 target. EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as Erlotinib, have shown some success with EGFR+ or EGFR mutated cancers, however resistance can occur over time. Recently, the miR-223/FBXW7 axis has also been shown to be involved in Erlotinib drug resistance in NSCLC cells [143]. Resistance partially occurs through up-regulation of miR-223, which down-regulates FBXW7. This effect can be reversed by inhibitors targeting either miR-223, AKT or the Notch pathway [143]. FBXW7 is also found to be targeted by miR-25 and miR-367 in NSCLC cells [144, 145]. In addition, p53 mutations can lead to increased expression of miR-25 [146] and overexpression of miR-25 increases NSCLC cell proliferation and migration by targeting FBXW7 [144]. LncRNA MALAT1 is known to reduce metastasis and could serve as a biomarker to predict lung cancer prognosis [67, 147, 148]. Consistent with the fact that FBXW7 is a direct target of miR-155, MALAT1 was shown to increase expression of FBXW7 by sequestering miR-155 [67]. However, levels of MALAT1 are elevated in NSCLC, which suggests MALAT1 and/or miR-155 do not play a significant role in FBXW7 regulation and implies that the MALAT1/miR-155/FBXW7 axis may have a tumor suppressor role in lung cancer. This is in contrast to its oncogenic role in glioma patient samples, where tissue samples show reductions in MALAT1 levels compared to non-cancerous brain tissue [67]. FBXW7 is identified as a genuine target of miR-155 in glioma cells. The different roles for MALAT1 may be due to differential expression during different stages of disease or different cell-type specific MALAT1 targets. In fact, MALAT1 is also found to target the miR-124a/STAT3 axis in NSCLC [147].
FBXW7 is an essential tumor suppressor and is frequently inactivated in human cancer cells (Table 3). This may offer opportunities to selectively target FBXW7 mutant cells through synthetic-lethal methods or oncogene dependence. This is possible by targeting genes that are selectively essential in cell lines carrying particular driver mutations, but not normal cells with wild-type FBXW7. In support of this model, human breast cancer cells with loss of FBXW7 are hypersensitive to rapamycin [50]. Therefore, inactivation of FBXW7 can be targeted by an mTOR inhibitor to reverse the oncogenic effect of an FBXW7 mutation [50]. As another example, FBXW7 has been demonstrated to target GRα in T-ALL. Reduced FBXW7 expression or function increased the glucocorticoid sensitivity in T-ALL, but not the sensitivity to other chemotherapy drugs [112]. Thus, glucocorticoid treatment can provide a therapeutic window to selectively block FBXW7 mutant cells and spare normal FBXW7 wild-type cells. In addition, down-regulation of GSK3β reduces c-Myc T58 phosphorylation, which impairs FBXW7-mediated c-Myc degradation. The accumulation of c-Myc increases the expression of TRAIL5 (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand death receptor 5), which increases TRAILR5 (death receptor 5)-induced apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo [155]. This may be used to target c-Myc-overexpressing cells in FBXW7-deficient cell lines. Similarly, the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor Vorinostat induces apoptosis through down-regulation of Mcl-1 and up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic proteins Noxa (PMA-Induced Protein 1) and Bim (BCL2 Like 11) [49]. Mutation of FBXW7 in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) increases Mcl-1and Bim expression, which leads to resistance to standard chemotherapy but increases susceptibility to HDAC inhibitors [49]. When combining HDAC inhibitors with BH3-mimetic ABT-737, cancer cells show hypersensitivity to the treatment [49]. Finally, human colorectal cells deficient in FBXW7 are dependent on spindle assembly checkpoint proteins BUBR1, BUB1, and MPS1 [156]. Reducing BUBR1 in cells lacking FBXW7 leads to cell aneuploidy and up-regulation of p53 expression [156]. While most studies focus on the cell-autonomous function of FBXW7 in tumor cells, it has also been shown that FBXW7 affects the tumor microenvironment and inhibits tumor metastasis [157]. Specifically, knockout of FBXW7 in mouse bone marrow-derived stromal cells increases Notch expression and then activates chemokine CCL2 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 2) expression [157]. Increased CCL2 in serum recruits both monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells and macrophages to the tumor site, thereby increasing tumor metastasis [157]. Importantly, the effect of FBXW7 depletion can be reversed by a CCL2 receptor antagonist, which provides a therapeutic strategy to target FBXW7-deficient cells in clinics [157]. 2ff7e9595c
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